Birth of the Prophet ﷺ
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdillāh is born in Makkah in the Year of the Elephant — the year Abraha's army was destroyed.
Ibn Hishām
Marriage to Khadījah
The Prophet ﷺ marries Khadījah bint Khuwaylid, a successful businesswoman, fifteen years before prophethood.
Ibn Hishām
First revelation
The Prophet ﷺ receives the first revelation in the Cave of Ḥirāʾ — «Read in the name of your Lord» (Sūrah al-ʿAlaq 1–5).
Bukhārī & Muslim
Open daʿwah
The Prophet ﷺ begins calling openly to Islam; the Quraysh intensify persecution of the early Muslims.
Ibn Hishām
First migration to Abyssinia
A group of companions seek refuge under the just Christian king al-Najāshī, who refuses to surrender them.
Ibn Hishām
Year of Sorrow
The Prophet ﷺ loses his wife Khadījah and his uncle Abū Ṭālib — the most difficult year of his life.
Ibn Hishām
Isrāʾ and Miʿrāj
The night journey from Makkah to Jerusalem, and the ascension through the heavens — the five daily prayers are prescribed.
Bukhārī & Muslim
Hijrah to Madīnah
The migration that marks year 1 of the Hijri calendar; the first Muslim community (Ummah) is established with the Constitution of Madīnah.
Bukhārī
Battle of Badr
313 Muslims defeat ~1000 Quraysh — the day of criterion (al-Furqān), the first major victory.
8:41
Battle of Uḥud
A setback due to the archers' disobedience — a lesson in discipline. The Prophet ﷺ was injured; Ḥamzah was martyred.
3:152
Battle of the Trench (Khandaq)
Madinah defended by a trench on Salmān al-Fārisī's advice; the confederate tribes besiege then withdraw after a month.
33:9
Treaty of Ḥudaybiyah
A peace treaty opening the way for daʿwah — «a clear victory» (fatḥ mubīn) that doubled the Ummah in two years.
48:1
Conquest of Makkah
The Prophet ﷺ enters Makkah peacefully with 10,000 companions; the Kaʿbah is cleansed of 360 idols. He forgives his enemies.
Bukhārī & Muslim
Farewell Ḥajj & passing
The Farewell Sermon at ʿArafāt — the Prophet ﷺ completes the message. He passes away in Madīnah on 12 Rabīʿ al-Awwal, 11 AH.
Bukhārī & Muslim
Caliphate of Abū Bakr
Preserves the community against apostasy (Riddah wars); compiles the Quran into one codex; sends armies to Persia and Syria.
Bukhārī
Caliphate of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
Vast expansion — Persia, Egypt, Syria fall; establishes the Hijri calendar; renowned for justice that reached kings' doors.
Bukhārī & Muslim
Caliphate of ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
Unified the Quran into a single codex (the ʿUthmānic codex); expansion to the Atlantic and China; martyred while reciting the Quran.
Bukhārī
Caliphate of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
A period of internal conflict (fitnah); capital moved to Kufa; the first civil wars (Ṣiffīn, the Camel) divide the Ummah.
Bukhārī & Muslim
Umayyad Caliphate
Capital moved to Damascus; expansion to Spain and India; Arabic becomes the administrative language of the Islamic world.
Ibn Kathīr
ʿAbbāsid Caliphate
Capital moved to Baghdad; the Golden Age of Islamic civilization — translation, science, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy flourish.
Ibn Kathīr, al-Ṭabarī
Fall of Baghdad
The Mongols sack Baghdad, ending the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate in the East; a turning point in Islamic history.
Ibn Kathīr